Measuring electrodes and suitable accessories enable standard-compliant ESD measurements to be carried out to determine the bleeder, surface and volume resistance in accordance with international standards, such as DIN EN 61340-2-3. They support quality assurance in electrostatically protected areas (EPA) and contribute to compliance with standardized test procedures. Different electrode shapes, robust designs and functional extensions offer application-specific flexibility - for example when testing horizontal and vertical surfaces or complex geometries in production, incoming goods and calibration environments.